Article Explanation

India’s Supreme Court has ruled against allowing genetically modified (GM) mustard in farmer fields. The only GM seed permissible in India is cotton, which has led to the development of GM seeds in other food crops like rice, wheat, tomato, brinjal, and mustard. The Dhara Mustard Hybrid-11, developed under a publicly funded project at Delhi University’s biotechnology department, has been approved by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. The crop’s genes make it suitable for private seed companies to create new hybrid varieties. However, environmentalist groups argue that DMH-11 is a ‘herbicide-tolerant’ crop, genetically coded to force farmers to use certain pesticides, with destructive environmental consequences. The GEAC, a scientific advisory body led by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, approved DMH-11 in October 2022, subject to certain tests. The findings and GEAC approval have been contested in the Court by Aruna Rodrigues and the organization, Gene Campaign.

The GEAC case has been passed to a larger bench led by the Chief Justice of India, with the most significant decision being a court order to the Centre to evolve a policy on genetically modified crops (GM crops). The dispute over GM crops is ideological and less based on traditional agricultural principles. India’s agricultural history has shown that hybrid seeds and synthetic fertilizers have improved yields and productivity but also caused environmental harm. The Court and the government must remember that the good should not be seen as the enemy of the perfect.

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